Methods for Composition Analysis and Measuring Instruments

A) Methods based on atomic or molecular or crystalline characteristics of matter:

• Absorption Spectroscopy
• Emission Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectroscopy
• X-Ray Diffraction Method

B) Methods based on measurement of following physical characteristics of matter:

• Thermal Conductivity
• Electrolytic Conductivity
• Combustibility
• Magnetic Susceptibility(Oxygen analyser)
• Physical Absorption Characteristics(Chromatography) 
• Refractive Index
• Density or Specific Gravity
• Viscosity
• Acidity or Alkalinity(pH)